Topography
The ancient city of Epidaurus was developed next to the only natural harbour on the east coast of the Argolid peninsula towards the Saronic Gulf. Due to its location, it turned seawards creating overseas relations.
The most important buildings of the so-called “Sunken City” are dated in Roman times, when the Argolid, after the destruction of Corinth in 146 BC, was included in the Provincia Achaia. As a result of the prestige of the Sanctuary of Asclepius as well as Emperor Hadrian’s visit in 124/5 A.D. Epidaurus expanded from its classical center and flourished anew during the Roman Period.
The ancient harbour moles, still visible underwater, extend north and south, separated by a 40m-wide opening for the ships to enter during antiquity. This opening is still used today as an entrance, marked by two small beacons for the safe sailing of boats between the two ancient moles. Outside the harbour area and close to the south mole, remains of submerged buildings are preserved, possibly dated to the roman period.
Remains of the ancient acropolis, the ancient agora, and the so-called small ancient theatre of the city of Epidaurus are found in the peninsula “Nissi” (Νησί in Greek, which means island). The ancient acropolis is close to the church of the Zoodochos Pigi and it was fortified either during the 5th or 4th c. BC with repairs and modifications in the following centuries. The Agora was located in the vicinity of the small theatre which was constructed in the second half of 4th c. BC. Pausanias, a 2nd-century AD traveler, during his visit to the city, mentions an open-air sanctuary dedicated to Asclepius and temples dedicated to Dionysus, Hera, Artemis, Aphrodite, and Hera.
INSCRIPTION AND PUBLIC BUILDING – WALL
On the coastal area, and mainly underwater, close to the peninsula “Nissi”, remains of buildings possibly dated in the Classical or Hellenistic period were found. In 2018, during the Greek-Italian research, an inscription with two names was discovered, Ι Σ V Λ Λ Ο Σ and Δ Α Μ Ο Κ Ρ Ι Τ Ο Σ (Isyllos and Damokritos). Further research on the area showed a large quadrilateral area 30m long with porticoes that are divided into smaller rooms. Its plan reminds of a precinct with an interior courtyard (i.e. an open-air sanctuary) where the inscription was found embedded.
THE RECENT RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION OF THE SITE
- 1970: Aerial photography of the submerged remains under the supervision of the archaeologist Ch. Kritzas.
- 2017: Collaborative research between the Ephorate of Underwater Antiquities, the Italian Archaeological School at Athens, and the Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione ed il Restauro of Rome in a pilot educational program titled In situ conservation of underwater archaeological sites: methods and case studies.
- 2018: Continuation of the collaborative research focusing on the localization and photogrammetric recording of all of the visible remains of the villa, underwater excavation and, conservation and restoration works on the walls of the building and the dolia. Marine biologists, members of the Italian team, studied the marine organisms that are damaging the submerged antiquities.
- 2019: Continuation of collaborative research with underwater excavation and conservation works.
- 2021: Under the PERIPLOUS project, for the first time on the site, research was conducted for a longer period of time (3 months). During this time, cleaning works of the submerged remains in the villa area and the peninsula “Nissi” were carried out, new features were observed and the remains were recorded using photogrammetry techniques.